It is about the % shared by common descent. The reason it’s not just shared genome is because mutations that are not altruists would be selected and take over, so the gene in question would quickly become part of the genome not shared. Close relatives are more likely to have the same set of altruism related genes.

The Kona Sutra and Tour de Fer are both £1500. I've found a 2023 Nuroad for under £1100. That was actually something I meant to mention in terms of being another advantage of the Nuroad. But I'm getting it through a Cycle to Work scheme, so I'm not super concerned about price (but can't go over £1500), although less expensive is still better.

https://www.konabikeshop.co.uk/sutra-se-2023.html

https://www.genesisbikes.co.uk/genesis-tour-de-fer-10-vargn22410

https://winstanleysbikes.co.uk/cube-nuroad-pro-fe-2023-bike#187=4581

I haven't, but will check them out. And yeah, the rack on the Nuroad seems like a really odd choice. I wouldn't care if it was easy enough to change out, but it sounds like it's not made to be compatible with other racks.

Will have to look into the Ridgeback. Looks really nice. Buying a new bike is fun but really hard!

Thanks a lot for your opinions. I really like the Croix de Fer 20, and it's actually £100 cheaper than my top two choices. But it has a big strike against it: my wife just got one (and I love riding it!), and we can't be one of those couples where we both have the same gear! I was initially thinking of going with the Fugio 20 Maybe I should give that one a second look...

Kona Sutra SE vs Genesis Tour de Fer 10 vs Cube Nuroad Pro FE

I'm looking for a new bike under £1500. I'll use it everyday for getting around (I've got a short commute, but may get a new job that would require taking the bike on trains) and weekend rides with the family. We're hoping to start doing some family bike packing trips over the summer and school breaks (and so will be laden with gear for the kids as well as myself), and hopefully some longer tours once the kids get a little older. I would like to get a bike now that will be my forever bike, and will handle the everyday and gravel road use.

I'm leaning towards the Kona Sutra SE. It looks fantastic and everyone that has one seems to love it and indicate that it's a great all-around bike for the kinds of things I'm looking to do. Downsides: I'm a little skeptical about the bar end shifters, and it might be a bit heavy for hauling in and out of my bike storage and taking onto trains, carrying up and down stairs, etc. I've read lots of people say they were skeptical of the shifters at first but got used to them quickly and actually like them now. I've seen someone in another post comment that the shifters could be changed out for about £100, but the guy at the LBS said it would require changing out the derailleur as well and would be several hundred ££. He generally suggested that the bar end shifters were terrible and that I should go with the Genesis; they sell both, but Genesis seems to be the "house brand" of this particular shop.

The 2nd on my list is the Genesis Tour de Fer 10. Overall it sounds really similar to the Kona Sutra SE in terms of versatility. Main plus over the Kona is the brake shifters. I'm sure I'd love it and I shouldn't care that much about looks, but I really like the look of the Kona over the Genesis.

3rd on my list is the Cube Nuroad Pro FE. I know this is in a different category than the other two, and I've become less excited about it compared to how I felt earlier in the week. Main advantage is that it's lighter and would probably be great for the everyday biking/taking on trains. I also like that it has a dynamo hub and lighting, as I would like to not have to worry about forgetting to charge my lights. Main downsides are that it's aluminium and less likely to be my forever bike, and would be less good on longer tours, and maybe even bike packing trips if I've got to carry stuff for the kids. I also am not a big fan of the rear rack without a platform (how am I supposed to carry a case of beer home??), and it sounds like changing out the rack for another one is impossible/not easy.

Any opinions on these three bikes? Anyone with the Kona Sutra SE that was skeptical about the bar end shifters that came to like them, or ended up hating them? Or changing them out?

Kona Sutra SE vs Genesis Tour de Fer 10 vs Cube Nuroad Pro FEGear

I'm looking for a new bike under £1500. I'll use it everyday for getting around (I've got a short commute, but may get a new job that would require taking the bike on trains) and weekend rides with the family. We're hoping to start doing some family bike packing trips over the summer and school breaks (and so will be laden with gear for the kids as well as myself), and hopefully some longer tours once the kids get a little older. I would like to get a bike now that will be my forever bike, and will handle the everyday and gravel road use.

I'm leaning towards the Kona Sutra SE. It looks fantastic and everyone that has one seems to love it and indicate that it's a great all-around bike for the kinds of things I'm looking to do. Downsides: I'm a little skeptical about the bar end shifters, and it might be a bit heavy for hauling in and out of my bike storage and taking onto trains, carrying up and down stairs, etc. I've read lots of people say they were skeptical of the shifters at first but got used to them quickly and actually like them now. I've seen someone in another post comment that the shifters could be changed out for about £100, but the guy at the LBS said it would require changing out the derailleur as well and would be several hundred ££. He generally suggested that the bar end shifters were terrible and that I should go with the Genesis; they sell both, but Genesis seems to be the "house brand" of this particular shop.

The 2nd on my list is the Genesis Tour de Fer 10. Overall it sounds really similar to the Kona Sutra SE in terms of versatility. Main plus over the Kona is the brake shifters. I'm sure I'd love it and I shouldn't care that much about looks, but I really like the look of the Kona over the Genesis.

3rd on my list is the Cube Nuroad Pro FE. I know this is in a different category than the other two, and I've become less excited about it compared to how I felt earlier in the week. Main advantage is that it's lighter and would probably be great for the everyday biking/taking on trains. I also like that it has a dynamo hub and lighting, as I would like to not have to worry about forgetting to charge my lights. Main downsides are that it's aluminium and less likely to be my forever bike, and would be less good on longer tours, and maybe even bike packing trips if I've got to carry stuff for the kids. I also am not a big fan of the rear rack without a platform (how am I supposed to carry a case of beer home??), and it sounds like changing out the rack for another one is impossible/not easy.

Any opinions on these three bikes? Anyone with the Kona Sutra SE that was skeptical about the bar end shifters that came to like them, or ended up hating them? Or changing them out?

GoOutForASandwich
1
Evolutionist
10dLink

Thanks for that. The cetaceans seem like the candidates for the most complex communication system among nonhuman animals, and one of the hardest to study. Will be interesting to see how complex!

Kona Sutra SE vs Genesis Tour de Fer 10 vs Cube Nuroad Pro FEBike Tech and Kit

I'm looking for a new bike under £1500. I'll use it everyday for getting around (I've got a short commute, but may get a new job that would require taking the bike on trains) and weekend rides with the family. We're hoping to start doing some family bike packing trips over the summer and school breaks (and so will be laden with gear for the kids as well as myself), and hopefully some longer tours once the kids get a little older. I would like to get a bike now that will be my forever bike, and will handle the everyday and gravel road use.

I'm leaning towards the Kona Sutra SE. It looks fantastic and everyone that has one seems to love it and indicate that it's a great all-around bike for the kinds of things I'm looking to do. Downsides: I'm a little skeptical about the bar end shifters, and it might be a bit heavy for hauling in and out of my bike storage and taking onto trains, carrying up and down stairs, etc. I've read lots of people say they were skeptical of the shifters at first but got used to them quickly and actually like them now. I've seen someone in another post comment that the shifters could be changed out for about £100, but the guy at the LBS said it would require changing out the derailleur as well and would be several hundred ££. He generally suggested that the bar end shifters were terrible and that I should go with the Genesis; they sell both, but Genesis seems to be the "house brand" of this particular shop.

The 2nd on my list is the Genesis Tour de Fer 10. Overall it sounds really similar to the Kona Sutra SE in terms of versatility. Main plus over the Kona is the brake shifters. I'm sure I'd love it and I shouldn't care that much about looks, but I really like the look of the Kona over the Genesis.

3rd on my list is the Cube Nuroad Pro FE. I know this is in a different category than the other two, and I've become less excited about it compared to how I felt earlier in the week. Main advantage is that it's lighter and would probably be great for the everyday biking/taking on trains. I also like that it has a dynamo hub and lighting, as I would like to not have to worry about forgetting to charge my lights. Main downsides are that it's aluminium and less likely to be my forever bike, and would be less good on longer tours, and maybe even bike packing trips if I've got to carry stuff for the kids. I also am not a big fan of the rear rack without a platform (how am I supposed to carry a case of beer home??), and it sounds like changing out the rack for another one is impossible/not easy.

Any opinions on these three bikes? Anyone with the Kona Sutra SE that was skeptical about the bar end shifters that came to like them, or ended up hating them? Or changing them out?

I tried that too after reading something online - put it in wet sand with growth hormone. Then old gardeners and the nursery told me even if it survived it wouldn’t be the same variety. The biology is a mystery to me.

GoOutForASandwich
5
Evolutionist
19dLink

That’s correct, although molecular clock estimates put the last common ancestor of living primates as having lived about 6 to 10 million years before the impact. If those are correct, then there should be some. Depending on what counts as large, but there are known fossils of mammals up to about 12kg in the Cretaceous (link)

My understanding is that you can’t really just take a cutting of an apple tree and graft it to a rootball, unfortunately.

GoOutForASandwich
2Edited
Evolutionist
22dLink

Do the authors of the papers demonstrating these phenomena refer to these cases as being “language”? Note also that the vocal repertoires of Campbell’s monkeys and chimps appear to be species-specific with the acoustic structure being a product of natural selection such that they facilitate their function, and being a product of natural selection makes them non-arbitrary. Bee waggle dances are definitely not arbitrary. Apes learning sign language shows important capacities, but their natural gestural communication appears far more limited. The natural communication systems of Dolphins and songbirds probably meets your definition, but most experts would consider that definition to be one component of “language”, and in my experience they’re careful to not describe what these species have as language in their peer reviewed work.

3rd party here. I think you’re somewhat missing their point. Not linking you to racism, but pointing out that in the 1960s people were saying the exact same thing as you, but replacing “oil trade” with “racism “. And those people were often the people that supported the cause, but didn’t think the tactics were effective.

A little more Dear Meadow-y than Twin Peaks, but an unsolved murder in Madison Co. Arkansas, known locally as "Booger County", checks all the boxes of backwoods, drug-fueled, everyone-sleeping-with-everyone murder and intrigue. Probably involved the long-time sheriff, who later died somewhat mysteriously in a flash flood.

https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/1997/oct/19/meth-and-murder-madison-county/

This is some khoise fried khikken, Kolonel Sanders.

Despite what Wikipedia says, the standard for modern primatologists is to use “Old World monkeys” to mean only the cercopithecoids, but not the hominoids.

To add to what others have said about the advantages of having your fruits eaten by seed dispersers…the fruits are typically only tasty once the seed is mature enough. Eaten too early is no good, so the plants have been selected to have the tasty stuff coincide with the maturity of the seed. And the eater in turn has been selected to like the taste of ripe fruits because that’s the point that they are a great source of energy. Co-evolution at it finest.