Go with stable and you'll have an operating system ready to use and easy to maintain.

Drop that resistor and use two D cells in series (3V is plenty enough for this experiment). If you don't have insulated wire, cover the screw with some sort of plastic tape (electrical tape, Capton tape, Scotch tape...) and make the coil again (be sure that none of the turns touch each other)

Edit: instead of the two D cells you can use a 4.5V battery, if you can find it.

I would solder the two central rows of the connector, to the board, to increase its mechanical robustness.

With XFCE, NetworkManager is installed by default. Did you do something srrange while installing the distro?

BC547 has a maximum collector current of 100mA. If you use it in that circuit it will blow up

6 months is "old"? Dude, seriously, you should use Arch: you'll learn pretty soon the difference between "shiny crap that borks my system every week" and stability. By the way, I wasn't shaming you...I gave you an honest advice.

Or, given your love for the "shiny new things", you could just use arch

If you want, you can compile yourself the latest shiny new version of the kernel. I don't know how though

Gentoo... I wouldn't recommend that distro even to my worst enemy.

4700uF , 50V is a perfect replacement

Edit: I forgot two zeroes

Custom made component, almost impossible to replace unfortunately.